常日而言，可以通过后缀大略差异源码包和二进制包，例如.tar.gz、.zip、.rar结尾的包常日称之为源码包，以.rpm结尾的软件包称之为二进制包。真正区分是否为源码还是二进制还得基于代码里面的文件来判断，例如包含.h、.c、.cpp、.cc等结尾的源码文件，称之为源码包，而代码里面存在bin目录可以实行文件，称之为二进制包。
CentOS操作系统中有一款默认软件管理的工具，红帽包管理工具（Red Hat Package Manager，RPM）。
利用RPM工具可以对软件包实现快速安装、管理及掩护。RPM管理工具适用的操作系统包括：CentOS，RedHat，Fedora，SUSE等，RPM工具常用于管理.rpm后缀结尾的软件包。
RPM软件包命令规则详解如下：
RPM包命名格式为：name-version.rpmname-version-noarch.rpmname-version-arch.src.rpm如下软件包格式：epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpmperl-Pod-Plainer-1.03-1.el6.noarch.rpm以yasm-1.2.0-4.el7.x86_64.rpm为列解析如下：RPM包格式解析如下： name 软件名称，例如yasm、perl-pod-Plainer； version 版本号，1.2.0通用格式：“主版本号.次版本号.改动号”；4表示是发布版本号，该RPM包是第几次编译天生的； arch 适用的硬件平台，RPM支持的平台有：i386、i586、i686、x86_64、sparc、alpha等。 .rpm 后缀包表示编译好的二进制包，可用rpm命令直接安装； .src.rpm 源代码包，源码编译天生.rpm格式的RPM包方可利用； el 软件包发行版本，el6表示该软件包适用于RHEL 6.x/CentOS 6.x； devel： 开拓包； noarch： 软件包可以在任何平台上安装。
RPM工具命令详解如下：
RPM 选项 PACKAGE_NAME-a, --all 查询所有已安装软件包；-q，--query 表示讯问用户，输出信息；-l, --list 打印软件包的列表；-f, --file FILE查询包含FILE的软件包；-i, --info 显示软件包信息，包括名称，版本，描述；-v, --verbose 打印输出详细信息；-U, --upgrade 升级RPM软件包；-h,--hash 软件安装，可以打印安装进度条；--last 列出软件包时，以安装韶光排序，最新的在上面；-e, --erase 卸载rpm软件包--force 表示逼迫，逼迫安装或者卸载；--nodeps RPM包不依赖-l, --list 列出软件包中的文件；--provides 列出软件包供应的特性；-R, --requires 列出软件包依赖的其它软件包；--scripts 列出软件包自定义的小程序。
RPM企业案例演示：
# 检讨sysstat包是否安装；[root@superman-vm01 ~]# rpm -q sysstatpackage sysstat is not installed[root@superman-vm01 ~]# # 安装sysstat软件包；[root@superman-vm01 ~]# rpm -ivh sysstat-10.1.5-17.el7.x86_64.rpmPreparing... ################################# [100%]Updating / installing... 1:sysstat-10.1.5-17.el7 ################################# [100%][root@superman-vm01 ~]# # 查看软件安装的路径；[root@superman-vm01 ~]# rpm -ql sysstat/etc/cron.d/sysstat/etc/sysconfig/sysstat/etc/sysconfig/sysstat.ioconf/usr/bin/cifsiostat/usr/bin/iostat/usr/bin/mpstat/usr/bin/nfsiostat-sysstat/usr/bin/pidstat/usr/bin/sadf/usr/bin/sar/usr/bin/tapestat.......... # 查看软件安装的版本信息；[root@superman-vm01 ~]# rpm -qi sysstatName : sysstatVersion : 10.1.5Release : 17.el7Architecture: x86_64Install Date: Sat 10 Jul 2021 06:46:49 AM CSTGroup : Applications/SystemSize : 1172947License : GPLv2+Signature : RSA/SHA256, Mon 12 Nov 2018 10:47:27 PM CST, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5Source RPM : sysstat-10.1.5-17.el7.src.rpmBuild Date : Wed 31 Oct 2018 04:04:26 AM CSTBuild Host : x86-01.bsys.centos.orgRelocations : (not relocatable)Packager : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org>Vendor : CentOSURL : http://sebastien.godard.pagesperso-orange.fr/Summary : Collection of performance monitoring tools for LinuxDescription :The sysstat package contains sar, sadf, mpstat, iostat, pidstat, nfsiostat-sysstat,tapestat, cifsiostat and sa tools for Linux...........# 卸载sysstat软件；[root@superman-vm01 ~]# rpm -qa|grep sysstatsysstat-10.1.5-17.el7.x86_64[root@superman-vm01 ~]# [root@superman-vm01 ~]# rpm -e sysstat-10.1.5-17.el7.x86_64[root@superman-vm01 ~]# # 升级sysstat软件；[root@superman-vm01 ~]# rpm -Uvh sysstat-10.1.5-17.el7.x86_64.rpm Preparing... ################################# [100%]Updating / installing... 1:sysstat-10.1.5-17.el7 ################################# [100%][root@superman-vm01 ~]# # 检讨sysstat干系的软件包是否安装；[root@superman-vm01 ~]# rpm -qa|grep sysstat sysstat-10.1.5-17.el7.x86_64[root@superman-vm01 ~]# # 逼迫卸载sysstat；[root@superman-vm01 ~]# rpm -e --nodeps sysstat[root@superman-vm01 ~]## 不依赖其它软件包；[root@superman-vm01 ~]# rpm -ivh --nodeps sysstat-10.1.5-17.el7.x86_64.rpm Preparing... ################################# [100%]Updating / installing... 1:sysstat-10.1.5-17.el7 ################################# [100%][root@superman-vm01 ~]# 2 Tar软件包管理
Linux操作系统除了利用RPM管理工具对软件包管理之外，还可以通过tar、zip、jar等工具进行源码包的管理。
2.1 Tar命令参数详解-A, --catenate, --concatenate 将存档与已有的存档合并-c, --create 建立新的存档-d, --diff, --compare 比较存档与当前文件的不同之处--delete 从存档中删除-r, --append 附加到存档结尾-t, --list 列出存档中文件的目录-u, --update 仅将较新的文件附加到存档中-x, --extract, --get 解压文件-j, --bzip2, --bunzip2 有bz2属性的软件包；-z, --gzip, --ungzip 有gz属性的软件包；-b, --block-size N 指定块大小为Nx512字节（缺省时 N=20)；-B, --read-full-blocks 读取时重组块；-C, --directory DIR 指定新的目录；--checkpoint 读取存档时显示目录名；-f, --file [HOSTNAME:]F 指定存档或设备，后接文件名称；--force-local 逼迫利用本地存档，纵然存在克隆；-G, --incremental 建立老GNU格式的备份；-g, --listed-incremental 建立新GNU格式的备份；-h, --dereference 不转储动态链接，转储动态链接指向的文件；-i, --ignore-zeros 忽略存档中的0字节块（常日意味着文件结束）；--ignore-failed-read 在不可读文件中作0标记后再退出；-k, --keep-old-files 保存现有文件；从存档中展开时不进行覆盖；-K, --starting-file F 从存档文件F开始；-l, --one-file-system 在本地文件系统中创建存档；-L, --tape-length N 在写入N1024个字节后停息，等待改换磁盘；-m, --modification-time 当从一个档案中规复文件时，不该用新的韶光标签；-M, --multi-volume 建立多卷存档,以便在几个磁盘中存放；-O, --to-stdout 将文件展开到标准输出；-P, --absolute-paths 不要从文件名中去除'/'；-v, --verbose 详细显示处理的文件；--version 显示tar程序的版本号；--exclude FILE不把指定文件包含在内；-X, --exclude-from FILE 从指定文件中读入不想包含的文件的列表。2.2.1 TAR命令实战
# 查看keepalived-2.2.2.tar.gz包中内容；[root@superman-vm01 ~]# tar -tf keepalived-2.2.2.tar.gzkeepalived-2.2.2/keepalived-2.2.2/tools/keepalived-2.2.2/tools/timed_reloadkeepalived-2.2.2/Makefile.inkeepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/install-shkeepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/missingkeepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/compilekeepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/depcompkeepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/ar-libkeepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/keepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/Makefile.inkeepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/Makefile.amkeepalived-2.2.2/keepalived.spec.in..........# 解压keepalived-2.2.2.tar.gz程序包；[root@superman-vm01 ~]# tar -xvf keepalived-2.2.2.tar.gzkeepalived-2.2.2/keepalived-2.2.2/tools/keepalived-2.2.2/tools/timed_reloadkeepalived-2.2.2/Makefile.inkeepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/install-shkeepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/missingkeepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/compilekeepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/depcompkeepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/ar-libkeepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/keepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/Makefile.inkeepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/Makefile.amkeepalived-2.2.2/keepalived.spec.inkeepalived-2.2.2/snap/keepalived-2.2.2/snap/snapcraft.yamlkeepalived-2.2.2/snap/hooks/keepalived-2.2.2/snap/hooks/post-refreshkeepalived-2.2.2/snap/hooks/installkeepalived-2.2.2/INSTALLkeepalived-2.2.2/doc/keepalived-2.2.2/doc/Makefile.inkeepalived-2.2.2/doc/man/keepalived-2.2.2/doc/man/man8/........# 打包keepalived文件或者目录，打包后名称keepalived-2.2.2.tar；[root@superman-vm01 ~]# tar -cvf keepalived-2.2.2.tar keepalived-2.2.2keepalived-2.2.2/keepalived-2.2.2/tools/keepalived-2.2.2/tools/timed_reloadkeepalived-2.2.2/Makefile.inkeepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/install-shkeepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/missingkeepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/compilekeepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/depcompkeepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/ar-libkeepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/keepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/Makefile.inkeepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/Makefile.amkeepalived-2.2.2/keepalived.spec.inkeepalived-2.2.2/snap/keepalived-2.2.2/snap/snapcraft.yamlkeepalived-2.2.2/snap/hooks/keepalived-2.2.2/snap/hooks/post-refreshkeepalived-2.2.2/snap/hooks/installkeepalived-2.2.2/INSTALLkeepalived-2.2.2/doc/keepalived-2.2.2/doc/Makefile.inkeepalived-2.2.2/doc/man/keepalived-2.2.2/doc/man/man8/........# 将a.txt文件追加到keepalived-2.2.2.tar中；[root@superman-vm01 ~]# tar -rf keepalived-2.2.2.tar abc.txt[root@superman-vm01 ~]# [root@superman-vm01 ~]# tar tf keepalived-2.2.2.tar | grep abc.txt abc.txt[root@superman-vm01 ~]## 利用gzip格式打包并压缩keepalived-2.2.2目录；[root@superman-vm01 ~]# tar -czvf keepalived-2.2.2.tar.gz keepalived-2.2.2keepalived-2.2.2/keepalived-2.2.2/tools/keepalived-2.2.2/tools/timed_reloadkeepalived-2.2.2/Makefile.inkeepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/install-shkeepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/missingkeepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/compilekeepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/depcompkeepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/ar-libkeepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/keepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/Makefile.inkeepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/Makefile.amkeepalived-2.2.2/keepalived.spec.inkeepalived-2.2.2/snap/keepalived-2.2.2/snap/snapcraft.yamlkeepalived-2.2.2/snap/hooks/keepalived-2.2.2/snap/hooks/post-refreshkeepalived-2.2.2/snap/hooks/install.........# 利用bzip2格式打包并压缩superman目录；[root@superman-vm01 ~]# tar -cjvf keepalived-2.2.2.tar.bz2 keepalived-2.2.2keepalived-2.2.2/keepalived-2.2.2/tools/keepalived-2.2.2/tools/timed_reloadkeepalived-2.2.2/Makefile.inkeepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/install-shkeepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/missingkeepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/compilekeepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/depcompkeepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/ar-libkeepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/keepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/Makefile.inkeepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/Makefile.amkeepalived-2.2.2/keepalived.spec.inkeepalived-2.2.2/snap/keepalived-2.2.2/snap/snapcraft.yamlkeepalived-2.2.2/snap/hooks/keepalived-2.2.2/snap/hooks/post-refreshkeepalived-2.2.2/snap/hooks/install..........# 利用gzip格式打包并压缩当前目录所有文件，打消abc.txt中记录的文件；[root@superman-vm01 ceshi]# lsabc.txt keepalived-2.2.2[root@superman-vm01 ceshi]# [root@superman-vm01 ceshi]# tar -czf keepalived-2.2.2.tar.gz -X abc.txt[root@superman-vm01 ceshi]# [root@superman-vm01 ceshi]# tar tf keepalived-2.2.2.tar.gz | grep abc.txtabc.txt[root@superman-vm01 ceshi]# # 利用gzip格式打包并压当前目录所有文件及目录，打消abc.txt。 [root@superman-vm01 ceshi]# lsabc.txt keepalived-2.2.2[root@superman-vm01 ceshi]# [root@superman-vm01 ceshi]# tar -czf keepalived-2.2.2.tar.gz --exclude=abc.txt[root@superman-vm01 ceshi]# [root@superman-vm01 ceshi]# tar tf keepalived-2.2.2.tar.gz | grep abc.txt[root@superman-vm01 ceshi]# 3 源码包软件安装
常日利用RPM工具管理.rpm结尾的二进制包，而标准的.zip、tar结尾的源代码包则不能利用RPM工具去安装、卸载及升级，源码包安装有三个步骤，如下：
./configure 预编译，紧张用于检测系统基准环境库是否知足，天生MakeFile文件； make 编译，基于第一步天生的makefile文件，进行源代码的编译； make install 安装，编译完毕之后，将干系的可运行文件安装至系统中；利用make编译时，Linux操作系统必须有GCC编译器，用于编译源码。
源码包安装常日须要./configure、make、make install三个步骤，某些分外源码可以只有三步中的个中一个步骤，或者两个步骤。
3.1 源码安装实战以CentOS 7 Linux系统为基准，在其上安装Nginx源码包，企业中源码安装的详细步骤如下：
1、nginx.org官网下载nginx-1.19.9.tar.gz包[root@superman-vm01 ~]# wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.19.9.tar.gz--2021-07-10 07:43:34-- http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.19.9.tar.gzResolving nginx.org (nginx.org)... 52.58.199.22, 3.125.197.172, 2a05:d014:edb:5702::6, ...Connecting to nginx.org (nginx.org)|52.58.199.22|:80... connected.HTTP request sent, awaiting response... Read error (Connection reset by peer) in headers.Retrying.--2021-07-10 07:43:35-- (try: 2) http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.19.9.tar.gzConnecting to nginx.org (nginx.org)|52.58.199.22|:80... connected.HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OKLength: 887908 (867K) [application/octet-stream]Saving to: ‘nginx-1.19.9.tar.gz’57% [=====================> ] 507,913 --.-K/s in 16m 50s 2021-07-10 08:00:26 (503 B/s) - Read error at byte 507913/887908 (Connection timed out). Retrying.--2021-07-10 08:00:28-- (try: 3) http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.19.9.tar.gzConnecting to nginx.org (nginx.org)|52.58.199.22|:80... connected.HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 206 Partial ContentLength: 887908 (867K), 379995 (371K) remaining [application/octet-stream]Saving to: ‘nginx-1.19.9.tar.gz’100%[++++++++++++++++++++++================>] 887,908 6.46KB/s in 52s 2021-07-10 08:01:20 (7.11 KB/s) - ‘nginx-1.19.9.tar.gz’ saved [887908/887908][root@superman-vm01 ~]# 2、Nginx源码包解压[root@superman-vm01 ~]# tar -xvf nginx-1.19.9.tar.gz nginx-1.19.9/nginx-1.19.9/auto/nginx-1.19.9/conf/nginx-1.19.9/contrib/nginx-1.19.9/src/nginx-1.19.9/configurenginx-1.19.9/LICENSEnginx-1.19.9/READMEnginx-1.19.9/html/nginx-1.19.9/man/nginx-1.19.9/CHANGES.runginx-1.19.9/CHANGESnginx-1.19.9/man/nginx.8nginx-1.19.9/html/50x.htmlnginx-1.19.9/html/index.htmlnginx-1.19.9/src/core/..........3、源码Configure预编译，需进入解压后的目录实行./configure指令，分号“；”表示连接多个命令。[root@superman-vm01 ~]# cd nginx-1.19.9/;./configurechecking for OS + Linux 3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64 x86_64checking for C compiler ... found + using GNU C compiler + gcc version: 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44) (GCC) checking for gcc -pipe switch ... foundchecking for gcc builtin atomic operations ... foundchecking for C99 variadic macros ... foundchecking for gcc variadic macros ... foundchecking for unistd.h ... foundchecking for inttypes.h ... foundchecking for limits.h ... foundchecking for sys/filio.h ... not foundchecking for sys/param.h ... foundchecking for sys/mount.h ... foundchecking for sys/statvfs.h ... foundchecking for crypt.h ... foundchecking for Linux specific featureschecking for epoll ... foundchecking for EPOLLRDHUP ... found...........5、make install安装[root@superman-vm01 nginx-1.19.9]# make installmake -f objs/Makefile installmake[1]: Entering directory `/root/nginx-1.19.9'test -d '/usr/local/nginx' || mkdir -p '/usr/local/nginx'test -d '/usr/local/nginx/sbin' || mkdir -p '/usr/local/nginx/sbin'test ! -f '/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx' || mv '/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx' '/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx.old'cp objs/nginx '/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx'test -d '/usr/local/nginx/conf' || mkdir -p '/usr/local/nginx/conf'cp conf/koi-win '/usr/local/nginx/conf'cp conf/koi-utf '/usr/local/nginx/conf'cp conf/win-utf '/usr/local/nginx/conf'test -f '/usr/local/nginx/conf/mime.types' || cp conf/mime.types '/usr/local/nginx/conf'cp conf/mime.types '/usr/local/nginx/conf/mime.types.default'test -f '/usr/local/nginx/conf/fastcgi_params' || cp conf/fastcgi_params '/usr/local/nginx/conf'cp conf/fastcgi_params '/usr/local/nginx/conf/fastcgi_params.default'test -f '/usr/local/nginx/conf/fastcgi.conf' || cp conf/fastcgi.conf '/usr/local/nginx/conf'cp conf/fastcgi.conf '/usr/local/nginx/conf/fastcgi.conf.default'test -f '/usr/local/nginx/conf/uwsgi_params' || cp conf/uwsgi_params '/usr/local/nginx/conf'cp conf/uwsgi_params '/usr/local/nginx/conf/uwsgi_params.default'test -f '/usr/local/nginx/conf/scgi_params' || cp conf/scgi_params '/usr/local/nginx/conf'cp conf/scgi_params '/usr/local/nginx/conf/scgi_params.default'test -f '/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf' || cp conf/nginx.conf '/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf'cp conf/nginx.conf '/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf.default'test -d '/usr/local/nginx/logs' || mkdir -p '/usr/local/nginx/logs'test -d '/usr/local/nginx/logs' || mkdir -p '/usr/local/nginx/logs'test -d '/usr/local/nginx/html' || cp -R html '/usr/local/nginx'test -d '/usr/local/nginx/logs' || mkdir -p '/usr/local/nginx/logs'make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/nginx-1.19.9'[root@superman-vm01 nginx-1.19.9]#
通过以上五个步骤，源码包软件安装成功，源码包在编译及安装时，可能会碰着各种缺点，须要把缺点办理之后，然后再进行下一步安装即可，后面章节会重点针对企业利用的软件进行案例演习训练。
4 YUM软件包管理前端软件包管理器（Yellow Updater Modified，YUM）适用于CentOS、Fedora、RedHat及SUSE中的Shell命令行，紧张用于管理RPM包，于RPM工具利用范围类似，YUM工具能够从指定的做事器自动下载RPM包并且安装，还可以自动处理依赖性关系。
利用RPM工具管理和安装软件时，会创造rpm包有依赖，须要逐个手动下载安装，而YUM工具的最大便利便是可以自动安装所有依赖的软件包，从而提升效率，节省韶光。
4.1 YUM事情事理学习YUM，一定要理解YUM事情事理，YUM正常运行，须要依赖两个部分，一是YUM源端，二是YUM客户端，也即用户利用端。
YUM客户端安装的所有RPM包都是来自YUM做事端，YUM源端通过HTTP或者FTP做事器发布。而YUM客户端能够从YUM源端下载依赖的RPM包是由于在YUM源端天生了RPM包的基准信息，包括RPM包版本号、配置文件、二进制信息、依赖关系等。
YUM客户端须要安装软件或者搜索软件，会查找/etc/yum.repos.d下以.repo结尾文件，CentOS Linux默认的.repo文件名为CentOS-Base.repo，该文件中配置了YUM源真个镜像地址，以是每次安装、升级RPM包，YUM客户端均会查找.repo文件。
YUM客户端如果配置了CentOS官方repo源，客户端操作系统必须能联外网，知足网络条件，才能下载软件并安装，如果没有网络，也可以构建光盘源或者内部YUM源。在只要YUM客户端时，YUM客户端安装软件，默认会把YUM源地址、Header信息、软件包、数据库信息、缓存文件存储在/var/cache/yum中，每次利用YUM工具，YUM优先通过Cache查找干系软件包，Cache中不存在，然后在访问外网YUM源。
4.2 YUM参数详解由于YUM工具的利用简便、快捷、高效，在企业中得到广泛的利用，得到浩瀚IT运维、程序职员的青睐，要能闇练利用YUM工具，须要先节制YUM命令行参数的利用，如下为YUM命令工具的参数详解及实战步骤：
YUM命令工具指南，YUM格式为：YUM [command] [package] -y|-q 个中的[options]是可选。-y安装或者卸载涌现YES时，自动确认yes；-q不显示安装的过程。yum install sysstat 安装sysstat软件包；yum reinstall sysstat 重新安装sysstat软件包yum search sysstat YUM搜索软件包；yum list sysstat 显示指定程序包安装情形sysstat；yum list 显示所有已安装及可安装的软件包；yum remove sysstat 删除程序包sysstat；yum erase sysstat 删除程序包sysstat；yum update 内核升级或者软件更新；yum update sysstat 更新sysstat软件；yum check-update 检讨可更新的程序；yum info sysstat 显示安装包信息sysstat；yum provides 列出软件包供应哪些文件；yum provides "/rz" 列出rz命令由哪个软件包供应；yum grouplist 询可以用groupinstall安装的组名称；yum groupinstall "Chinese Support" 安装中文支持；yum groupremove "Chinese Support" 删除程序组Chinese Support；yum deplist sysstat 查见地式sysstat依赖情形；yum clean packages 打消缓存目录下的软件包；yum clean headers 打消缓存目录下的headers；yum clean all 打消缓存目录下的软件包及旧的headers。yum repolist {all|enabled|disabled} 列出所有/已启用/已禁用的yum源yum list {all|installed|avaliable} 列出所有/已安装/可安装的软件包4.2.1 YUM安装实战
1、基于CentOS 7 Linux，实行命令yum install sysstat -y，安装sysstat做事
[root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum install sysstat -yLoaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacksLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile base: mirrors.aliyun.com extras: mirrors.cn99.com updates: mirrors.cn99.com Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package sysstat.x86_64 0:10.1.5-17.el7 will be updated ---> Package sysstat.x86_64 0:10.1.5-19.el7 will be an update --> Finished Dependency ResolutionDependencies Resolved================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size================================================================================Updating: sysstat x86_64 10.1.5-19.el7 base 315 kTransaction Summary================================================================================Upgrade 1 PackageTotal size: 315 kDownloading packages:Running transaction checkRunning transaction testTransaction test succeededRunning transactionWarning: RPMDB altered outside of yum. Updating : sysstat-10.1.5-19.el7.x86_64 1/2 Cleanup : sysstat-10.1.5-17.el7.x86_64 2/2 Verifying : sysstat-10.1.5-19.el7.x86_64 1/2 Verifying : sysstat-10.1.5-17.el7.x86_64 2/2 Updated: sysstat.x86_64 0:10.1.5-19.el7 Complete![root@superman-vm01 ~]#
2、实行命令yum grouplist，检讨groupinstall的软件组名
[root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum grouplistLoaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacksThere is no installed groups file.Maybe run: yum groups mark convert (see man yum)Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile base: mirrors.bfsu.edu.cn extras: mirrors.bfsu.edu.cn updates: mirrors.bfsu.edu.cnAvailable Environment Groups: Minimal Install Compute Node Infrastructure Server File and Print Server Basic Web Server Virtualization Host Server with GUI GNOME Desktop KDE Plasma Workspaces Development and Creative WorkstationAvailable Groups: Compatibility Libraries Console Internet Tools Development Tools Graphical Administration Tools Legacy UNIX Compatibility Scientific Support Security Tools Smart Card Support System Administration Tools System ManagementDone[root@superman-vm01 ~]#
3、实行命令yum groupinstall "GNOME Desktop" -y，安装Linux图像界面
[root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum groupinstall "GNOME Desktop" -yLoaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacksThere is no installed groups file.Maybe run: yum groups mark convert (see man yum)Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile base: mirrors.aliyun.com extras: mirrors.aliyun.com updates: mirrors.bfsu.edu.cnWarning: Group core does not have any packages to install.Warning: Group gnome-desktop does not have any packages to install.Warning: Group guest-agents does not have any packages to install.Package gtk2-immodule-xim-2.24.31-1.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest versionWarning: Group guest-desktop-agents does not have any packages to install.Warning: Group fonts does not have any packages to install.Warning: Group print-client does not have any packages to install.Warning: Group desktop-debugging does not have any packages to install.Warning: Group dial-up does not have any packages to install.Package gstreamer1-plugins-bad-free-1.10.4-3.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest versionPackage gstreamer1-plugins-good-1.10.4-2.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest versionPackage gstreamer1-plugins-ugly-free-1.10.4-3.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest versionWarning: Group multimedia does not have any packages to install.Warning: Group base does not have any packages to install.Group base does have 1 conditional packages, which may get installed.Warning: Group internet-browser does not have any packages to install.Warning: Group x11 does not have any packages to install.Resolving Dependencies--> Running transaction check---> Package NetworkManager-bluetooth.x86_64 1:1.18.8-2.el7_9 will be installed.........
4、实行命令yum install sysstat php php-devel php-mysql mariadb mariadb-server -y，安装中小企业LAMP架构环境
[root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum install sysstat php php-devel php-mysql mariadb mariadb-server -yLoaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacksLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile base: mirrors.aliyun.com extras: mirrors.cn99.com updates: mirrors.cn99.comPackage sysstat-10.1.5-19.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest versionResolving Dependencies--> Running transaction check---> Package mariadb.x86_64 1:5.5.68-1.el7 will be installed--> Processing Dependency: mariadb-libs(x86-64) = 1:5.5.68-1.el7 for package: 1:mariadb-5.5.68-1.el7.x86_64---> Package mariadb-server.x86_64 1:5.5.68-1.el7 will be installed--> Processing Dependency: perl-DBD-MySQL for package: 1:mariadb-server-5.5.68-1.el7.x86_64---> Package php.x86_64 0:5.4.16-48.el7 will be installed--> Processing Dependency: php-common(x86-64) = 5.4.16-48.el7 for package: php-5.4.16-48.el7.x86_64..........
5、实行命令yum remove ntpdate -y，卸载ntpdate软件包
[root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum remove ntpdate -yLoaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacksResolving Dependencies--> Running transaction check---> Package ntpdate.x86_64 0:4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2 will be erased--> Processing Dependency: ntpdate = 4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2 for package: ntp-4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2.x86_64--> Running transaction check---> Package ntp.x86_64 0:4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2 will be erased--> Processing Dependency: ntp for package: ipa-client-4.6.8-5.el7.centos.6.x86_64--> Running transaction check---> Package ipa-client.x86_64 0:4.6.8-5.el7.centos.6 will be erased--> Finished Dependency ResolutionDependencies Resolved================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size================================================================================Removing: ntpdate x86_64 4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2 @base 121 kRemoving for dependencies: ipa-client x86_64 4.6.8-5.el7.centos.6 @updates 255 k ntp x86_64 4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2 @base 1.4 MTransaction Summary================================================================================Remove 1 Package (+2 Dependent packages)Installed size: 1.7 MDownloading packages:Running transaction checkRunning transaction testTransaction test succeededRunning transaction Erasing : ipa-client-4.6.8-5.el7.centos.6.x86_64 1/3 Erasing : ntp-4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2.x86_64 2/3 Erasing : ntpdate-4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2.x86_64 3/3 Verifying : ntp-4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2.x86_64 1/3 Verifying : ntpdate-4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2.x86_64 2/3 Verifying : ipa-client-4.6.8-5.el7.centos.6.x86_64 3/3 Removed: ntpdate.x86_64 0:4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2 Dependency Removed: ipa-client.x86_64 0:4.6.8-5.el7.centos.6 ntp.x86_64 0:4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2Complete![root@superman-vm01 ~]#
6、实行命令yum provides rz或者yum provides "/rz"，查找rz命令的供应者
[root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum provides rzLoaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacksLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile base: mirrors.bfsu.edu.cn extras: mirrors.bfsu.edu.cn updates: mirrors.bfsu.edu.cnextras/7/x86_64/filelists_db | 235 kB 00:00 updates/7/x86_64/filelists_db | 5.1 MB 00:04 lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64 : The lrz and lsz modem communications programsRepo : baseMatched from:Filename : /usr/bin/rzlrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64 : The lrz and lsz modem communications programsRepo : @anacondaMatched from:Filename : /usr/bin/rz[root@superman-vm01 ~]# [root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum provides "/rz"Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacksLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile base: mirrors.huaweicloud.com extras: mirrors.huaweicloud.com updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.comlrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64 : The lrz and lsz modem communications programsRepo : baseMatched from:Filename : /usr/bin/rzlrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64 : The lrz and lsz modem communications programsRepo : @anacondaMatched from:Filename : /usr/bin/rz[root@superman-vm01 ~]#
7、实行命令yum update -y，升级Linux所有可更新的软件包或Linux内核升级
[root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum update -yLoaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacksLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile base: mirrors.aliyun.com extras: mirrors.aliyun.com updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.comResolving Dependencies--> Running transaction check---> Package GeoIP.x86_64 0:1.5.0-13.el7 will be updated---> Package GeoIP.x86_64 0:1.5.0-14.el7 will be an update--> Processing Dependency: geoipupdate for package: GeoIP-1.5.0-14.el7.x86_64---> Package ModemManager.x86_64 0:1.6.10-1.el7 will be updated---> Package ModemManager.x86_64 0:1.6.10-4.el7 will be an update---> Package ModemManager-glib.x86_64 0:1.6.10-1.el7 will be updated---> Package ModemManager-glib.x86_64 0:1.6.10-4.el7 will be an update---> Package PackageKit.x86_64 0:1.1.10-1.el7.centos will be updated---> Package PackageKit.x86_64 0:1.1.10-2.el7.centos will be an update...........4.3 配置网络源
# 安装163的yum源：[root@superman-vm01 ~]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo--2021-07-10 17:07:57-- http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repoResolving mirrors.163.com (mirrors.163.com)... 1.193.221.38, 124.116.156.215, 124.116.156.214, ...Connecting to mirrors.163.com (mirrors.163.com)|1.193.221.38|:80... connected.HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OKLength: 1572 (1.5K) [application/octet-stream]Saving to: ‘/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo’100%[======================================>] 1,572 --.-K/s in 0s 2021-07-10 17:07:57 (76.7 MB/s) - ‘/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo’ saved [1572/1572][root@superman-vm01 ~]# # 安装阿里云的yum源：[root@superman-vm01 ~]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo--2021-07-10 17:08:52-- http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repoResolving mirrors.aliyun.com (mirrors.aliyun.com)... 1.180.14.242, 1.180.14.241, 1.180.14.248, ...Connecting to mirrors.aliyun.com (mirrors.aliyun.com)|1.180.14.242|:80... connected.HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OKLength: 2523 (2.5K) [application/octet-stream]Saving to: ‘/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo’100%[======================================>] 2,523 --.-K/s in 0s 2021-07-10 17:08:52 (384 MB/s) - ‘/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo’ saved [2523/2523][root@superman-vm01 ~]#
# 搜狐没有现成的yum源文件下载，须要自己配置：[root@superman-vm01 ~]# echo "[sohu]name=Centos-$releasever-sohubaseurl=http://mirrors.sohu.com/centos/$releasever/os/$basearchgpgcheck=1gpgkey=http://mirrors.sohu.com/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-$releasever" > /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-souhu.repo[root@superman-vm01 ~]# [root@superman-vm01 ~]# [root@superman-vm01 ~]# [root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum makecacheLoaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacksRepository base is listed more than once in the configurationRepository updates is listed more than once in the configurationRepository extras is listed more than once in the configurationRepository centosplus is listed more than once in the configurationLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile4.4 配置本地源
[root@superman-vm01 ~]# mkdir /mnt/cdrom[root@superman-vm01 ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdromecho "[local]name=centos-$releasever-localbaseurl=file:///mnt/cdromgpgcheck=1gpgkey=file:///mnt/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7" > /etc/yum.repos.d/centos-7-local.repomount: /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only[root@superman-vm01 ~]# echo "[local]name=centos-$releasever-localbaseurl=file:///mnt/cdromgpgcheck=1gpgkey=file:///mnt/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7" > /etc/yum.repos.d/centos-7-local.repo[root@superman-vm01 ~]# 4.5 自动配置仓库
# 安装yum的扩展包：[root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum install yum-utils -y Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacksRepository base is listed more than once in the configurationRepository updates is listed more than once in the configurationRepository extras is listed more than once in the configurationRepository centosplus is listed more than once in the configurationLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile base: mirrors.aliyun.com extras: mirrors.aliyun.com updates: mirrors.aliyun.combase | 3.6 kB 00:00 extras | 2.9 kB 00:00 local | 3.6 kB 00:00 updates | 2.9 kB 00:00 # 自动配置海内epel仓库：[root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum-config-manager --add-repo=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacksRepository base is listed more than once in the configurationRepository updates is listed more than once in the configurationRepository extras is listed more than once in the configurationRepository centosplus is listed more than once in the configurationadding repo from: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/[mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn_epel_7_x86_64_]name=added from: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/enabled=1[root@superman-vm01 ~]# 4.6 禁用/启用仓库
# epel 是仓库的id [epel][root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum-config-manager --disable epelLoaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacksRepository base is listed more than once in the configurationRepository updates is listed more than once in the configurationRepository extras is listed more than once in the configurationRepository centosplus is listed more than once in the configuration[root@superman-vm01 ~]# [root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum-config-manager --enable epelLoaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacksRepository base is listed more than once in the configurationRepository updates is listed more than once in the configurationRepository extras is listed more than once in the configurationRepository centosplus is listed more than once in the configuration[root@superman-vm01 ~]# # 查看仓库状态：[root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum repolist allLoaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacksRepository 'sohu' is missing name in configuration, using idRepository base is listed more than once in the configurationRepository updates is listed more than once in the configurationRepository extras is listed more than once in the configurationRepository centosplus is listed more than once in the configurationLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfileLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfileLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfileLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfileLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfilerepo id repo name statusC7.0.1406-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.0.1406 - Base disabledC7.0.1406-centosplus/x86_64 CentOS-7.0.1406 - CentOSPlus disabledC7.0.1406-extras/x86_64 CentOS-7.0.1406 - Extras disabledC7.0.1406-fasttrack/x86_64 CentOS-7.0.1406 - Fasttrack disabledC7.0.1406-updates/x86_64 CentOS-7.0.1406 - Updates disabledC7.1.1503-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.1.1503 - Base disabledC7.1.1503-centosplus/x86_64 CentOS-7.1.1503 - CentOSPlus disabledC7.1.1503-extras/x86_64 CentOS-7.1.1503 - Extras disabledC7.1.1503-fasttrack/x86_64 CentOS-7.1.1503 - Fasttrack disabledC7.1.1503-updates/x86_64 CentOS-7.1.1503 - Updates disabledC7.2.1511-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.2.1511 - Base disabledC7.2.1511-centosplus/x86_64 CentOS-7.2.1511 - CentOSPlus disabledC7.2.1511-extras/x86_64 CentOS-7.2.1511 - Extras disabledC7.2.1511-fasttrack/x86_64 CentOS-7.2.1511 - Fasttrack disabledC7.2.1511-updates/x86_64 CentOS-7.2.1511 - Updates disabledC7.3.1611-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.3.1611 - Base disabledC7.3.1611-centosplus/x86_64 CentOS-7.3.1611 - CentOSPlus disabledC7.3.1611-extras/x86_64 CentOS-7.3.1611 - Extras disabledC7.3.1611-fasttrack/x86_64 CentOS-7.3.1611 - Fasttrack disabledC7.3.1611-updates/x86_64 CentOS-7.3.1611 - Updates disabledC7.4.1708-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.4.1708 - Base disabledC7.4.1708-centosplus/x86_64 CentOS-7.4.1708 - CentOSPlus disabledC7.4.1708-extras/x86_64 CentOS-7.4.1708 - Extras disabledC7.4.1708-fasttrack/x86_64 CentOS-7.4.1708 - Fasttrack disabledC7.4.1708-updates/x86_64 CentOS-7.4.1708 - Updates disabledC7.5.1804-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.5.1804 - Base disabledC7.5.1804-centosplus/x86_64 CentOS-7.5.1804 - CentOSPlus disabledC7.5.1804-extras/x86_64 CentOS-7.5.1804 - Extras disabledC7.5.1804-fasttrack/x86_64 CentOS-7.5.1804 - Fasttrack disabledC7.5.1804-updates/x86_64 CentOS-7.5.1804 - Updates disabledC7.6.1810-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.6.1810 - Base disabledC7.6.1810-centosplus/x86_64 CentOS-7.6.1810 - CentOSPlus disabledC7.6.1810-extras/x86_64 CentOS-7.6.1810 - Extras disabledC7.6.1810-fasttrack/x86_64 CentOS-7.6.1810 - Fasttrack disabledC7.6.1810-updates/x86_64 CentOS-7.6.1810 - Updates disabledC7.7.1908-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.7.1908 - Base disabledC7.7.1908-centosplus/x86_64 CentOS-7.7.1908 - CentOSPlus disabledC7.7.1908-extras/x86_64 CentOS-7.7.1908 - Extras disabledC7.7.1908-fasttrack/x86_64 CentOS-7.7.1908 - Fasttrack disabledC7.7.1908-updates/x86_64 CentOS-7.7.1908 - Updates disabledC7.8.2003-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.8.2003 - Base disabledC7.8.2003-centosplus/x86_64 CentOS-7.8.2003 - CentOSPlus disabledC7.8.2003-extras/x86_64 CentOS-7.8.2003 - Extras disabledC7.8.2003-fasttrack/x86_64 CentOS-7.8.2003 - Fasttrack disabledC7.8.2003-updates/x86_64 CentOS-7.8.2003 - Updates disabledbase/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Base - mirrors.aliyun. enabled: 0base-debuginfo/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Debuginfo disabledbase-source/7 CentOS-7 - Base Sources disabledc7-media CentOS-7 - Media disabledcentos-kernel/7/x86_64 CentOS LTS Kernels for x86_64 disabledcentos-kernel-experimental/7/x86_64 CentOS Experimental Kernels for x disabledcentosplus/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Plus - mirrors.aliyun. disabledcentosplus-source/7 CentOS-7 - Plus Sources disabledcontrib/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Contrib - mirrors.aliy disabledcr/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - cr disabledextras/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Extras - mirrors.aliyu enabled: 0extras-source/7 CentOS-7 - Extras Sources disabledfasttrack/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - fasttrack disabledsohu sohu enabled: 0updates/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Updates - mirrors.aliy enabled: 0updates-source/7 CentOS-7 - Updates Sources disabledrepolist: 0[root@superman-vm01 ~]#5. 同步外网源
在企业实际运用处景中，仅仅靠光盘里面的RPM软件包是不能知足须要，我们可以把外网的YUM源中的所有软件包同步至本地，可以完善本地YUM源的软件包数量及完全性。
5.1 安装reposync工具[root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum install yum-utils createrepo -yLoaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacksRepository base is listed more than once in the configurationRepository updates is listed more than once in the configurationRepository extras is listed more than once in the configurationRepository centosplus is listed more than once in the configurationLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile base: mirrors.aliyun.com extras: mirrors.aliyun.com updates: mirrors.aliyun.commirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn_epel_7_x86_64_ | 4.7 kB 00:00 (1/3): mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn_epel_7_x86_64_/group_g | 96 kB 00:00 (2/3): mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn_epel_7_x86_64_/updatei | 1.0 MB 00:04 (3/3): mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn_epel_7_x86_64_/primary | 6.9 MB 00:07 5.2 同步源
# 创建本地目录:[root@superman-vm01 ~]# mkdir /data/{centos,epel}[root@superman-vm01 ~]# # 同步yum源：[root@superman-vm01 ~]# reposync -r base -r updates -p /data/centos/Repository base is listed more than once in the configurationRepository updates is listed more than once in the configurationRepository extras is listed more than once in the configurationRepository centosplus is listed more than once in the configurationNo Presto metadata available for base389-ds-base-1.3.10.2-6.el7.x86 FAILED 389-ds-base-devel-1.3.10.2-6.e FAILED (1/10072): 389-ds-base-snmp-1.3.10.2-6.el7.x86_64.rpm | 178 kB 00:00 (2/10072): ElectricFence-2.2.2-39.el7.i686.rpm | 35 kB 00:00 (3/10072): ElectricFence-2.2.2-39.el7.x86_64.rpm | 35 kB 00:00 (4/10072): GConf2-3.2.6-8.el7.i686.rpm | 1.0 MB 00:01 (5/10072): Cython-0.19-5.el7.x86_64.rpm | 1.9 MB 00:03 (6/10072): GConf2-3.2.6-8.el7.x86_64.rpm | 1.0 MB 00:01 (7/10072): GConf2-devel-3.2.6-8.el7.i686.rpm | 110 kB 00:00 (8/10072): GConf2-devel-3.2.6-8.el7.x86_64.rpm | 110 kB 00:00 .........# 天生元数据：[root@superman-vm01 ~]# createrepo /data/centos[root@superman-vm01 ~]# # 结合前面所学制作本地源，如果想让其它做事器利用该源，后面可以结合nginx发布。
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